Sakkā nu kho karuṇāya vibujjhituṃ
racitamidaṃ lekhanaṃ dhammasāmīcariyena marammaraṭhe mahāgirinagare syāma desiyabuddhikanikhilavijjālayassa adhikārapatinā.
(karuṇā-compassion, vivādo-debate, pācinadīpikā-asian, aparadīpikā-westerner, vedikā-scientists, cittasatthavedikā- psychologists, matthaluṅgasatthakusalā-neurologists, mahācariyo-professor, ācariyo-doctorate degree holder, nikhilavijjālayo-university, samanuñño-recognition)
namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa mahākāruṇikassa.
Ārambhakathā (introduction)
imasmiṃ kāle nānājātikapaṇḍitesu buddhapāvacanaṃ uggaṇhantesu yogāvacaresu ca eko vivādo atthi karuṇābhāvanāya paṭivedhasamatthapaṭisaṃyutto. so pana vivādo sakkoti vā no vā karuṇābalena cattāri ariyasaccāni vibujjhitvā dukkhanirodhaṃ sacchikātuṃti.
imasmiṃ hi saṅkhepapaṇṇe pathamaṃ tāva paccuppannakāle uropaamerikasaṅkhātesu aparadīpesu buddhadesitāya satipaṭṭhānabhāvanāya ca karuṇābhāvanāyaca pākaṭabhāvaṃ kathessāmi. Tato paraṃ imassa vivādassa nidānaṃ paññapetabbaṃ. Avasāne theravādino mati saṅkhepena vicikkhitabbā.
Aparadīpikantaresu pākaṭasatipaṭṭhānakammaṭṭhānaṃ
(mindfulness practice prevailing among westerners)
idāni aparadīpesu cittasatthavedikā ceva matthaluṅgasatthavedikā ca buddhena desitaṃ satipaṭṭhānabhāvanaṃ ativiya manasikaronti ruccanti uggaṇhanti sayaṃ bhāventi bahulīkaronti. Apica paresaṃpi tatheva uggaṇhāpenti bhāvanaṃ kārāpenti. Tesu vedikesu keci te pākaṭesu pākaṭesu nānānikhilavijjālayesu mahācariyā honti tekicchakā ca.
Prof. Jon Kabat-Zinn (1944 - )
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Jon Kabat-Zinn tināmako mahācariyo amerikaraṭṭhe Massachusetts Institute of Technology nāmanikhilavijjālayassa bhesajjasālāyaṃ chasattatinavasatādhikasahassa (1976) christ vassato paṭhāya cirakālagilānānaṃ satipaṭṭhāne vedanānupassanābhāvanaṃ kārāpetvā cirakālaṃ vedayitadukkhavedanā muñcāpeti. Idāni sakalaloke aññatikicchakā cittasatthachekā ca matthaluṅgasatthakusalāca tassa santike satipaṭṭhānaṃ uggahetvā nānāraṭhesu gilānānaṃ kāyikacetasikadukkhavedanāya muccāpenti.
Publications on Mindfulness
1 (1982); 10 (2000); 147 (2010); 842 (2018)
Saṃvacchare saṃvacchare sahassapamāṇāni satipaṭṭhānasaṃyuttalekhanāni racanti muddāpenti. Nahevidāni aparadīpesu gilānāyeva satipaṭṭhānaṃ bhāventi, nānāvijjālayesu taruṇadārakādārikā pi bhāventi gahapatiyo ca gahapatiniyo ca.
Mindfulness in Schools
Mindful Family
Idānetaṃ cittabhesajjakammaṃ aṅgalisa -bhāsāya Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction/ MBSR satipaṭhānamūlaka -sokāpanayananayoti pākaṭo hutvā bahūnaṃ tikicchakānaṃ samanuññabhāvo laddho hoti.
Apica natthi tesaṃ satipaṭṭhānapaṭibaddhavivādo. Sabbepi te satipaṭhānānisaṃsaṃ sāmaṃyeva passitvā ekantena saddahanti.
Karuṇābhāvanāpi pākaṭā
(Compassion meditation also Becomes Prominent)
satipaṭṭhāne pākaṭabhāvaṃ āgacchante te paṇḍitā buddhadesitaṃ karuṇābhāvanaṃpi disvā manasi karonti pariyāpuṇanti bhāvituṃ ārabhanti. Idāni karuṇābhāvanāpi pākaṭabhāvaṃ gacchati. Passeyyātha imāni potthakāni tehi saṃvihitāni.
Apica tiṃsādhikamatta lekhananāni samodhānaṃ katvā imaṃ potthakaṃ muddāpesi Oxford nikhilavijjālayamuddālaye.
imaṃ panettha tehi aparadīpikayogāvacarehi likhitaṃ pakāsitaṃ karuṇābhāvanāpaṭipadaṃ saṅkhepena bhāsissāmi.
Karuṇābhāvanaṃ bhāvitukāmo yogāvacaro pathamaṃ parassa kayikacetasikadukkhaṃ ārammaṇaṃ gahetvā attano citte yāva upacārasamādhiṃ karuṇābhāvanaṃ bhāveyya. Sace evaṃ bhāvayamānassa tassa sokabyāpādadomanassādi cittapaṭikiriyā uppajjeyya vuṭṭhaheyya vā, satipaṭṭhānasutte āgatanayena attano cittaṃ jānitabbaṃ. Yaṃ yaṃ cittaṃ uppajjati, taṃtaṃ avitakkento asañjāpento satova sampajāno taṃcittasabhāvadhammaṃyeva anupassitvā anupassitvā pajānituṃ ārabheyyāti attho.
vuttametaṃ satipaṭṭhānasutte “Sadosaṃ vā cittaṃ sadosaṃ cittaṃti pajānāti, niddosaṃ vā cittaṃ niddosaṃ cittaṃti pajānātī”ti. Madhupiṇḍikasuttepi “Yaṃ vedeti taṃ sañjānāti, yaṃ sañjānāti taṃ vitakketi, yaṃ vitakketi taṃ papañceti tatonidānaṃ purisaṃ papañcasaññāsaṅkhā samudācaranti atītānāgatapaccuppannesu manoviññāṇesu dhammesū”ti āgataṃ yeva. (ma, pā, 1, 158)
vuṭṭhahitabyāpādādicittassa anupassitvā anupassitvā pajānanameva yogāvacarassa padhānakammaṃ. Evaṃ punappunaṃ bhāvito bahulīkato so attano citte sokabyāpādādidosapaṭisaṃyutta saṅkhāradhammā tanubhāvaṃ gacchanti. Ettha hi parassa dukkhaṃ ārammaṇaṃ gaṇhanto sace attano ajjhattasantāne yaṃyaṃ uppajjadomanassaṃ ārabbha so vitakkeyye sañjāpeyya, tassa aññanīvaraṇāni pi uppajjissanti. Tasmā satipaṭṭhānacittānupassanāpabbe āgatanayena uppannaṃ uppannaṃ attano cittasaṅkhāraṃ pajānanamāno tāni nīvaraṇāni samathaṃ kareyya.
tesu nīvaraṇiyesu tanubhāvaṃ taṅkhaṇikena samathabhāvaṃ pattesu karuṇābhāvanā bhāvetabbā. Paradukkhassa apanayanakāmacittaṃ bhāveyyāti adhippāyo. “Abyāpajjo hohi, anīgho hohi, dukkhā pamuñcāhī”ti ādinā parikammena ekekadukkhitappattapuggalaṃceva tatoparaṃ taṃsamūhaṃ ca ārammaṇaṃ katvā dayaṃ anukampaṃ karuṇāhadayaṃ bhāveyya bahulīkareyya. (piṭhe 134.)
yassa hi evaṃ cittaṃ karuṇākammaṭṭhāne anuyuñjentassa yogāvacarassa cittaṃ kāruṇikabhāvaṃ uppajjati, parassa dukkhaṃ hanituṃ apanayituṃ tassa icchā abhiṇhaṃ bhavati anukampaṃ upādāyāti attho.
Dr. Helen Weng (PhD)
Professor of Psychiatry University of California-San Francisco
Dr. Brianna Schuyler
Prof. Richard Davidson
karuṇāsampayuttacittaṃ hi paresaṃ atthāya hitāya vitakkaṃ uppādeti. Bahujanatthāya bahuṃ viriyachandaṃ janeti, bahūnaṃ dukkhaṃ apanayitukāmo carati karuṇācetasāti imasmiṃ potthake tayo aparadīpikalekhakā likhanti. Ke pana te lekhakāti?
(1) Dr. Helen Weng (2) Dr. Brianna Schuyler (3) Prof. Richard Davidson ti. Tehi racito karuṇāpaṭipadānayo theravādīnaṃ vādena na viruddho.
matthaluṅgasatthachekānaṃ karuṇābhāvanāpaṭibaddhalekhanaṃ
(Some Writing on Compassion by Neurologists)
Dr. Olga M. Kilmecki
Dr. Tania Singer
idāni kho panettha matthaluṅgasatthavedikānaṃ lekhanaṃpi pakāsessāmi. Pubbe yathā vuttamev bahū paṇḍitā karuṇāpaṭibaddhāni nānā lekhanāni racayanti. Tesu lekhanesu dvinnaṃ lekhakānaṃ lekhanaṃ nissāya pakāsessāmi. Imasmiṃ potthake olga m. Kilmecki tica tania singerti dvīhi ācariyehi racite ekasmiṃ paṇṇe karuṇābhāvanābalena matthaluṅgassa anārogyataṃ uppajjanabhāvaṃ likhanti. Matthaluṅge anārogye sati sukhaṃ cetasikaṃ vedayatīti vadanti. (118 piṭhe)
cetasikasukhe punappunaṃ uppajjante matthaluṅgassa pubbabhāgo balavā kammapāguñño paṭibalo hoti, (passeyyātha imaṃ chāyārūpaṃ) parabhāgo pana matthaluṅgassa balavā hoti kammaññatā dummanassikakāle’ (idaṃ pi chāyārūpaṃ tehi dinnaṃ.) iti ete dve lekhakā bahūni somanassadomanassavedayikānaṃ manussānaṃ matthaluṅgāni vicinitvā vicāretvā evaṃ passiṃsu.
nanu theravādīnaṃ abhidhammapiṭake anantasamantanayapāḷiyaṃ pi eṃvaṃ āgato “Hetū hetusampayuttakānaṃ dhammānaṃ taṃsamuṭhānānañca rūpānaṃ hetupaccayena paccayo. … cattāro khandhā catunnaṃ mahābhūtānaṃ upādānañca rūpānaṃ sahajātapaccayena paccayo’tyādi.
Matthaluṅgaṃ cittasamuṭhānarūpaṃ. Somanassaṃ domanassaṃca cittaṃ viññāṇakkhandhe pariyāpannāni honthi, tehi sampayogacetasikā tīsu aññanāmakkhandhesu pariyāpannā. Idha cittacetasikānaṃ nissāya matthaluṅgasaṅkhātassa rūpassa balavataṃ sambhavo. Ayaṃ pana aparadīpikavedikānaṃ karuṇāpaṭisaṃyuttaṃ pariyesanaṃ sutesanaṃ vicayoti veditabbo.
karuṇābhāvanāya vivādo (Debate on Compassion)
idāni kho panettha so karuṇābhāvanāpaṭisaṃyuttavivādo pakāsitabbo. (sirimato sammāsambuddhassa parinibbānakālato ekasatavassakāle bhikkhusaṃghe keci nissaggiya pācittiyavinayasikkhāpadāni ārabbha nānāvādā abhaviṃsu. buddhamataññūnaṃ therānaṃ matiyā asadisaṃ matiṃ gaṇhitvā eke bhikkhū avisabhāgagaṇaṃ uppādesuṃ. Parinibbānato tiṃsādhika-dvisatavassamattakālepi puna aṭhārasamattasaṃghagaṇā bhikkhū dhammesu nānāvāde uggahitvā tatheva nānābhikkhusaṃghagaṇā ahesuṃ. Moggaliputtatissamahātherena racite kathāvatthunāma abhidhammaganthe sabbepi te vivādā suṭhu vibhajitā honti.) parinibbānato saṭhipañcasatādhikadvisahassavasse amhākaṃ paccuppannakāle (pi) sakalaloke tayo saṃghagaṇā hontiyeva theravādo ca bhikkhusaṃgho mahāyāniko ca vajirayāniko cāti.
Satipaṭṭhānañca karuṇābhāvanañca uggaṇhantesu aparadīpikesu cittasatthakusalā dr brooke levelle nāma upāsikā evaṃ vadati “Mahāyānikāceva vajirayānikā ca karuṇābhāvanāya paṭivedhasamatthabhāvaṃ saddahanti. Karuṇā dukkhanirodhagāminīpaṭipadāya padhānaṅgā. Nahevaṃ theravādīno, karuṇā upatthampakamattāve na padhānāti”.
Compassion in Context: Tracing the Buddhist Roots of Secular, Compassion-Based Contemplative Programs Brooke D. Lavelle
Dr. Brooke Lavelle
Kasmā theravādino karuṇāya paṭivedhasamatthe na saddahantīti pucchamāno ayameva paccayo ayamev kāraṇoti dr brooke lavelleti lekhakā upāsakā vadati “ theravādino evaṃ buddhena bhāsitassa atthaṃ jānanti, dukkhaṃ yassa uppajjati anicce niccasaññitā anatte attasaññitā vipallāsasaññite ṭhāne abhijjhādomanassasaṅkhātānaṃ saṅkhāradhammānaṃ pavattattāti. Saṅkhatadhammesu aniccaññāṇaṃ anattaññāṇaṃ labhitvā so dukkhanirodhaṃ nibbānaṃ sacchikareyyā”ti.
Na hetaṃpi vcanaṃ theravādīnaṃ vādena viruddhaṃ. Dr brooke lavelle upāsakā rupert gethin nāmakaṃ theravādiṃ ābhidhammikaṃ pāḷitepiṭakachekācariyaṃ nissāya likhati. Gethin- mahācariyassa pakati lekhanaṃ pi na buddhadesitena viruddhaṃ.
Prof. Rupert Gethin (1957 - ) President, The Pali Text Society
Gethin mahācariyassa lekhanaṃ ārabbha añño john makransky nāmako vajirayāniko attanomatiyā theravādīnaṃ matiṃ evaṃ vitakketvā pakāsesi “Dukkhanirodhaṃ pana vimuttiṃ sacchikātuṃ ayameva paṭipadā sīlasamādhipaññāsaṅkhātā tayo sikkhā honthi, tesu paññāyayev dukkhanirodhagāminīpaṭipadābhāvena paññāpanato sā yeva paññā paṭivedhasamatthā, na karuṇā. Karuṇā hi catusaccaṃ vibujjhituṃ vimokkhaṃ sacchikātuṃ upatthampakāyeva hoti, na janakā”ti.
Prof. John Makransky
Idha bhante paṭikaccev ṭhapitaṃ amhākaṃ padhānapucchaṃ puna puccheyyaṃ - sakkoti vā no vā karuṇābhāvanābalena dukkhassa antakiriyāyāti.
Satipaṭṭhānasutte dhammānupassanāyaṃ saccapabbe evaṃ āgataṃ “Katamo ca bhikkhave sammāsaṅkappo, nekkhammasaṅkappo abyāpādasaṅkappo avihiṃsāsaṅkappo ayaṃ vuccati bhikkhave sammāsaṅkappo“Ti. (ma, pā, 2, 88)
idha avihiṃsā vuccati karuṇā, avihiṃsāsaṅkappo paññāsikkhāya saṅgahito hoti paññakkhandhe pariyāpanno. Tasmā karuṇāpi dukkhanirodhegāminīpaṭipadāya antogadhaṃ gacchatīti kadāci cintemi. Natthi sammāsaṅkappo vinā avihiṃsāsaṅkappena, apica natthi avihiṃsāsaṅkappo vinā avihiṃsāya karuṇāyavāti idaṃ panettha mayhaṃ cintanakāramattamev, na vinicchayo.
Āyasmā pana nandamālābhivaṃsatthero aggamahāpaṇḍito amhākaṃ garukaraṇīyācariyo evaṃ vdati “Saṅkappo paññāya upakārattāyev paññakkhandhe saṅgahito, na paññākiccattā. Karuṇāsaṅkappa paññāṅkhātā ime tayo dhammā nānā kiccā honti, tesu karuṇā pubbabhāgeyev labbhati, na maggakkhaṇe. Saṅkappapaññāyo pana maggakkhaṇepi labbhanti, tāsupi paññāev jānanakiccaṃ karoti, na saṅkappo“Ti. [1]
yadi paññāyeva avabujcanakiccaṃ sādhetīti pucchamāno yuttamevetanti puccheyya. Tathāpi ariyamaggassa aṭṭhaṅgikānaṃ na ekekassa paccanīyaṅgassa balena paṭivedhanaṃ kātuṃ. Vuttañetaṃ aṭṭhakathācariyena satinasuttavaṇṇanāyaṃ ‘’nekkhammasaṅkappādayo kāmabyāpādavihīṃsaviramaṇa -saññānaṃ nānattā pubbabhāge nānā, maggakkhaṇe pana imesu tīsu ṭhānesu uppannassa akusalasaṅkappassa padacchedato anāppattisādhanavasena maggaṅgaṃ pūrayamāno ekova kusalasaṅkappo uppajjati, ayaṃ sammāsaṅkappo nāmāti”. Tasmā sakalaaṭṭhaṅgāni saha hutvā bhāvetvā avabujjhanakiccaṃ karoti, na paccanīyaṃ maggaṅgaṃ hutvāti. Na karuṇāya vinā paññā, na paññāya vinā karuṇāti attho. Karuṇā ca paññā ca maggakkhaṇato pubbeyeva nānattā, maggakkhaṇe ekattāti maññe. Ayaṃpi me vicakkhanamattamev, na vinicchayo.
Avasāne imaṃ vcanaṃ bahugāravcittena vakkhāmi. Puthujjanohaṃ asutavā gambhīraṃ karuṇābhāvnaṃ jānitukāmo vicikkhāmi uggaṇhāmi bhāvemi viññūnaṃ santike uggaṇhāmi paricayaṃ karomi. Imasmiṃ paṇṇe evaṃ cintayantopi vicakkhamāno avabodhanakiccasādhanadhammesu karuṇābhāvnā ekā vā hoti no vāti ekantena vdituṃ na sakkomi. Tumhākaṃ vibhajanaṃ ativiya jānitukāmomhi.
[1] (ayaṃ pana āyasmato nandamālābhivṃsamahātherassa paripuṇṇa vibhajanaṃ)
karuṇā saṅkappa paññā avihiṃsāsaṅkappoti ettha avihiṃsā nāma karuṇā, saṅkappo nāma vitakko, avihiṃsāpaṭisaṃyutto saṅkappo avihiṃsāsaṅkappo. Iminā vacanatthena avihiṃsā saṅkapponāma vitakkoyeva labbhati, na karuṇā. Kasmā? Tappurisasamāsattāti. Ayaṃsaddanayo. Ayaṃ pana abhidham manayo- karuṇā mahākusala mahā kiriyacittesu ca pathamadutiya tatiyacatutthajjhānacittesucāti aṭṭha- vīsaticittesu evaṃ labbhati. Tasmā lokuttara cittesu na labbhati. Saṅkappo paññāya upakārattā evaṃ paññakkhandhe saṅgahito, napaññākiccattā. Karuṇāsaṅkappapaññāsaṅkhātā ime tayo dhammā nānākiccā honti, tesu karuṇā pubbabhāge yeva labbhati, na maggakkhaṇe. Saṅkappapaññāyo pana maggakkha ṇepi labbhanti, tāsupi paññā eva jānanakiccaṃ karoti, na saṅkappo. Ayamettha saṅkhepena daṭṭhabbo, avihiṃsāsaṅkappo ettha karuṇā upanissayapaccayavasena, saṅkapposahajātapaccayavasena maggassa upakārakoti. Tasmā saddanayaṃ abhidhammanayaṃ ca sammāavekkhiya yathābhūtaṃ attho daṭṭhabboti. Nandamālābhivaṃsatthero (18, 11, 2020)